The blood of two men was tested and the results are shown. Anti-D refers to the rhesus blood group. Clotting indicates that antigens associated with a particular factor or blood group are present in a blood sample.

[Source: © International Baccalaureate Organization 2019]

The man who tested positive for anti-D was then tested for ABO blood group. These results were obtained.

[Source: © International Baccalaureate Organization 2019]

What ABO blood group does the man testing positive for anti-D have?

A. A

B. B

C. AB

D. O

Calculate the total number of M. lucifugus flights that were recorded in the summer of 2007

Suggest one limitation of this recording method in determining the accurate mean number of individual bats flying.

Calculate the percentage decline in the mean number of M. lucifugus flights for 2009 when compared to 2008.

The graph shows the results of measuring two factors in the blood of patients with HIV/AIDS.

[Source: Courtesy ACRIA.]

What do X and Y represent?

Deduce the concentration of ZDV that would cause a 50 % reduction in root growth compared to the control.

Identify the country with the largest number of Ebola cases.

Rotavirus causes diarrhea and vomiting. Explain why viral diseases cannot be treated using antibiotics.

Why is penicillin not used in the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)?

A. HIV patients may be allergic to penicillin.
B. Penicillin does not affect viruses.
C. Penicillin affects helper T-cell metabolism.
D. Penicillin causes antibiotic resistance.

Based on the data and your biological knowledge, suggest how the infection could lead to premature death in a bat.

Explain how blood clotting occurs and the consequence for a person who has hemophilia.

Explain how cells and cell components in the blood defend the body against infectious disease.

Explain the role of cells in the defence against infectious disease.

Many diseases are caused by bacteria and other pathogens. Explain, using examples, how other factors can lead to disease in humans.

Identify the root length, as a percentage of the control, resulting from a ZDV concentration of $400 \text{μmol}$.

Explain the production of antibodies when a patient is infected with the TB bacterium.

Outline the relationship between date of death and the mean interval between hibernation emergence periods.

Distinguish between the patterns of hibernation of the uninfected and infected bats.

Explain how antibiotic resistance can evolve in bacteria, such as those causing pneumonia.

Using all of the data, predict the effect of WNS on bat populations.

Suggest one reason, other than the interval between hibernation emergence periods, for some infected bats surviving longer than others.

Evaluate the conclusion that the decline in the population of M. lucifugus is due to infection by the fungus.

Discuss whether the data in the graph show that there is a causal link between the date of death and the interval between hibernation emergence periods.

Based on the information, suggest with a reason which of the labelled cell types will become more common in Allium root tips treated with ZDV.

Allium root tips continue to show some growth even at high concentrations of NVP. Suggest a possible reason for the growth seen in root tips with 800μmol NVP.

Compare and contrast the effect of ZDV and NVP on the growth of Allium roots.