The Framingham heart study was an observational study that went on for 20 years. The following data were produced.

[Source: adapted from Gillman et al., Margarine intake and subsequent coronary heart disease in men.
Epidemiology, 1997 Mar; 8(2): 144–9]

Which conclusion can be drawn, based on these data?

A. It is better to eat margarine than to eat butter.

B. The more margarine consumed, the greater the incidence of coronary heart disease.

C. Butter is a natural product whereas margarine is hydrogenated vegetable oil that leads to coronary heart disease.

D. Margarine causes more heart related deaths than butter.

Which fatty acid would occur in a trans fat?

[Source: © International Baccalaureate Organization 2018]

Calculate, showing your working, the percentage change in mean cholesterol level after one week on the study diet.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .%

Which molecule represents a lipid?

[Source: © International Baccalaureate Organization 2018]

The diagrams show how monosaccharide molecules are joined to form chains in two polysaccharides.

Which type(s) of fatty acid in the diet is/are positively correlated with an increased risk of coronary heart disease?

I.   Saturated

II.  Trans unsaturated

III. Cis unsaturated

A. I only 

B. I and II only

C. II only

D. II and III only

The table shows the range and classification of body mass index (BMI) values, as shown in the nomogram.

[Source: © All rights reserved. Canadian Guidelines for Body Weight Classification in Adults. Health Canada, 2003. Adapted and reproduced with permission from the Minister of Health, 2021.]

What is the approximate reduction in body mass that a person of height 155cm and mass 95kg would have to lose to reach normal body mass?

A. 10kg

B. 22kg

C. 36kg

D. 54kg

Explain how measurement of BMI could help to assess whether a person has an increased risk of type II diabetes.

Distinguish between the two diets.

Draw a molecular diagram of alpha-D-glucose.

Using the nomogram, what is the minimum mass at which a woman of height 165 cm would be considered overweight?

[Source: Copyright 1978, George A. Bray. Used by permission]

A. 72

B. 67

C. 64

D. 61

The chart classifies individuals according to their height and mass.

[Source: InvictaHOG, 2006. Body mass index chart. [chart online] Available at: <https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=1208092> [Accessed: 4 April 2019].]

Based on the information provided, which individual is most at risk of diseases associated with the accumulation of excessive body fat?

The chart shows ranges of body mass index (BMI) for children and teenagers.

[Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, About Child & Teen BMI. Available at:
https://www.cdc.gov/healthyweight/assessing/bmi/childrens_bmi/about_childrens_bmi.html.]

A 9-year-old boy has a height of 120 cm and weighs 28.8 kg. What weight category is he in according to his BMI?

A. Underweight

B. Healthy

C. Overweight

D. Obese

The hypothesis made before the study was that saturated fats in the diet affected the risk of coronary artery blockage and diabetes. Using all the data in question 1, evaluate whether this hypothesis is supported by the study.

Describe the structure of starch.

Broad beans are rich in starch and cellulose. Compare and contrast the structure of starch and cellulose.

Olive oil may reduce the risk of coronary heart disease. What is/are the compound(s) responsible for the health benefits of olive oil?

I.   Cis unsaturated fatty acids
II.  Trans unsaturated fatty acids
III. Saturated fatty acids

A. I only
B. I and II only
C. II and III only
D. I, II and III

Comment on the total energy content of the two diets.