| Date | May 2019 | Marks available | 4 | Reference code | 19M.2.HL.TZ1.3 |
| Level | Higher level | Paper | Paper 2 | Time zone | Time zone 1 |
| Command term | Compare and contrast | Question number | 3 | Adapted from | N/A |
Question
The electron micrographs show a typical prokaryote and a mitochondrion.
Compare and contrast the structure of a typical prokaryotic cell with that of a mitochondrion.
Explain how mitochondria could have been formed from free living prokaryotes.
Markscheme
differences
a. prokaryote has cell wall but mitochondrion does not ✔
b. mitochondrion has double membrane whereas prokaryote has single membrane
OR
«Gram negative» bacteria have cell wall between two membranes whereas mitochondria has intermembrane space between two membranes ✔
c. mitochondrion has cristae/invaginations of inner membrane but prokaryote does not
OR
prokaryote «may have» flagella/pili/«slime» capsule which mitochondria do not have ✔
similarities
d. 70S ribosomes in both ✔
e. DNA in both / loop of DNA in both / naked DNA in both ✔
f. shape similar/both rod shaped/OWTTE
OR
size of both is similar/both about 3 μm long ✔
g. both are membrane-bound/OWTTE ✔
a. endocytosis/engulfing of prokaryote by a larger/another/anaerobic prokaryote/cell ✔
b. double membrane of the mitochondrion is the result of endocytosis
OR
inner membrane of mitochondrion from engulfed cell and outer from food vacuole ✔
c. «engulfed prokaryotic cell» was aerobic/respired aerobically/consumed oxygen
OR
«engulfed prokaryotic cell» provided energy/ATP ✔
d. «engulfed prokaryotic cell» not destroyed/not digested
OR
«endo»symbiotic/mutualistic relationship developed ✔
e. «engulfed prokaryotic cell» had its own DNA/own «70S» ribosomes ✔
Do not award mpc for “mitochondrion makes ATP”.
Examiners report
Answers were spread over the whole of the four-mark range. The scale bars allowed the sizes of both to be calculated – they were close, but even so a substantial number of candidates claimed that one or other was significantly larger.
This was generally well answered with candidates explaining how endocytosis would have got a free-living prokaryote into a larger cell and because it made itself useful, there was a selective advantage in developing a mutualistic relationship rather than digesting the engulfed cell. Some candidates gave valid evidence for endosymbiosis – presence of DNA, 70S ribosomes or the double membrane.
Syllabus sections
- 17N.1.SL.TZ0.01: Which function is accomplished by structures X and Y in the Paramecium?
- 17M.1.SL.TZ2.2: The image shows an electron micrograph of mesophyll cells. What is the name of the...
- 17M.2.SL.TZ2.2b.ii: Using the table, identify the organelles labelled I and II on the electron micrograph with...
-
19M.1.SL.TZ2.2:
The magnification of the micrograph is 2000×.
[Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6c/HeLa_cells_stained_with_Hoechst_33258.jpg
by TenOfAllTrades.]What is the maximum diameter of the nucleus in the cell labelled X?
A. 10 μm
B. 10 nm
C. 20 μm
D. 20 nm
- 17N.1.SL.TZ0.02: What evidence from the image of Paramecium indicates whether the organism is a prokaryote or...
- 17N.2.SL.TZ0.02a: State a reason for using an electron microscope to view this virus rather than a light...
-
18M.2.SL.TZ2.3a.ii:
Outline the function of the structure labelled III.
- 17M.1.HL.TZ2.3: The image shows an electron micrograph of pancreatic exocrine cells. What is the role of...
- 18N.1.HL.TZ0.1: The image shows an electron micrograph of a fungus, Candida albicans. Which terms identify...
- 18M.2.SL.TZ2.3a.i: State the name of the structures labelled I and II.
-
22M.1.SL.TZ2.2:
The images of the radiolarian, a single-celled marine organism, were produced using a light microscope (left) and a scanning electron microscope (right).
[Source: Munir,S.;Sun,J.;Morton, S.L. The First Record and Classification of Planktonic Radiolarian
(Phylum Retaria) and Phaeodarian (Phylum Cercozoa) in the Eastern Indian Ocean. Biology 2021, 10, 202.
https://doi.org/10.3390/biology10030202 Copyright: © 2021 by the authors. This article is an open access
article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).]What is a reason for the difference in quality of these images?
A. Light cannot pass through the specimen.
B. Higher magnification can be achieved with the electron microscope.
C. The resolution of the electron microscope is higher.
D. Samples are stained with methylene blue when viewed with the light microscope.
- 22M.1.HL.TZ1.1: Two cells have the following characteristics. Which deduction is supported by this...
- 21M.1.SL.TZ1.1: In mammals, mature red blood cells are specialized in that they lack nuclei, mitochondria or...
- 17N.3.SL.TZ0.03a: Identify the vein by labelling it with the letter V.
- 21M.2.HL.TZ2.5c: Testis cells are eukaryotic cells. Identify the structures seen under the electron microscope...
- 18N.3.HL.TZ0.2a: Label tissues X and Y.
- 17M.1.SL.TZ1.4: Which organelle is involved in generating vesicles destined for the cell membrane? A. Golgi...
- 17M.1.SL.TZ1.1: Which structure found in eukaryotes has a single membrane? A. Nucleus B. Lysosome C....
- 18M.2.SL.TZ2.3a.iii: The plant from which this cell was taken is in the group angiospermophyta. State one...
- 16N.2.SL.TZ0.2a: The image is an electron micrograph. Determine, with a reason, whether the image is of a...
- 17M.1.SL.TZ2.27: The bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae causes infections related to the human reproductive...
- 16N.3.SL.TZ0.3b: Identify the layer of tissue found at X.
- 17N.1.HL.TZ0.01: Which function is accomplished by structures X and Y in the Paramecium?
- 19M.2.SL.TZ1.2a: Identify which electron micrograph shows a mitochondrion, providing one observation to...
-
18M.1.SL.TZ2.2:
The image shows an electron micrograph of a cell.
[Source: Junqueira’s Basic Histology, 15th edition, by Anthony L. Mescher, McGraw-Hill publisher.]
Which organelles correspond to the labels in the electron micrograph of this cell?
- 18N.1.SL.TZ0.2: The electron micrograph shows part of a cell. Which organelle is the site of aerobic...
- 16N.3.HL.TZ0.2d: One of the functions of this organ is absorption. On the micrograph, draw an arrow showing...
- 21M.1.SL.TZ1.2: What do chloroplasts and mitochondria have in common? A. Both are found in the cells of...
- 17M.1.SL.TZ1.21: Cladograms can be created by comparing DNA or protein sequences. The cladogram on the left is...
-
21M.1.HL.TZ2.1:
The image shows an electron micrograph of virus particles known to infect the bacterium Vibrio parahaemolyticus, which is associated with gastroenteritis, wound infections and septicemia in humans and animals.
[Source: Lin, Y. and Lin, C., 2012. Transmission electron micrograph of phage ϕpp2 particles with several structural proteins. [micrograph] (BMC Genomics, 13:224).]
What does a virus have in common with a living cell?
A. 70S ribosomes
B. Genetic material
C. Reproduction by binary fission
D. Anaerobic respiration
-
20N.2.HL.TZ0.3a:
Outline how the structures labelled X and Y are adapted to carry out the function of the mitochondrion.
X:
Y:
-
22M.1.SL.TZ2.6:
The micrograph of a section through a plant stem shows at least ten different types of cells.
[Source: Joan Carles Juarez / Shutterstock.com.]
What explains the differences between these cells?
A. Only one gene is expressed in each cell type.
B. Different genes are expressed in each cell type.
C. Only useful genes remain in the DNA of each cell type.
D. Changes in the DNA sequence take place when these cells develop.
-
22M.2.HL.TZ2.2b.i:
Distinguish between the structure of chromosomes in prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
- 18N.1.SL.TZ0.3: The images are microscopic views of two similar cells. What is a reason for the...
- 20N.1.SL.TZ0.1: What is the name of the cell component labelled Y? A. Golgi apparatus B. Nucleus C....
- 17M.2.SL.TZ2.2b.i: State the principal product of this cell.
- 22M.1.SL.TZ1.1: A cell contains chloroplasts, plasma membrane and 80S ribosomes. What type of cell could it...
-
19M.1.HL.TZ1.2:
The image shows a phagocytic white blood cell as seen with a transmission electron microscope.
[Source: http://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/File:Monocyte_TEM_0002.jpg, by Cafer Zorkun is licensed
under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License]Which features can be found both within this cell and in a photosynthetic bacterium?
A. Chloroplasts
B. Multiple nuclei
C. 70S ribosomes
D. Lysosomes
- 16N.3.SL.TZ0.3a: State from which organ the section was taken.
-
18N.3.HL.TZ0.2b:
Calculate the actual width along line A-B of the parenchyma cell shown.
- 17M.2.HL.TZ1.1f.ii: Suggest a reason for the greater expression of the gene for the urea transporter after an...
-
21M.2.HL.TZ1.2a:
State two structural similarities between mitochondria and chloroplasts.
1.
2.
-
18N.2.SL.TZ0.5a:
The structure of prokaryotic cells has been investigated using electron microscopy. Draw a labelled diagram to show prokaryotic cell structure.
-
21M.2.SL.TZ2.6a:
Outline the structures in M. tuberculosis that are not present in a human cell.
- 17M.2.SL.TZ1.1c: Estimate how much smaller drilled oysters raised in seawater at a high CO2 concentration were...
- 19M.1.SL.TZ2.1: Which structures are found only in prokaryotic cells? A. Ribosomes B. Pili C. Cell...
- 19M.2.HL.TZ1.5a: Outline the functions of rough endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus.
-
19M.1.SL.TZ1.2:
The image shows an electron micrograph of part of a cell.
[Source: Dr. Eldon Newcomb – Emeritis Professor at The University of Wisconsin – Madison.]
Which features do the two structures labelled X and Y have in common?
A. They are surrounded by a double membrane.
B. They contain 70S ribosomes.
C. They contain naked DNA.
D. They are only found in leaf cells.
-
20N.2.SL.TZ0.6a:
Draw the ultrastructure of a prokaryotic cell based on electron micrographs.
- 20N.1.HL.TZ0.1: Chlorella and Paramecium are both unicellular eukaryotic organisms living in freshwater....
- 18M.1.SL.TZ1.13: Where could genes be located in a prokaryotic cell?
- 17M.1.SL.TZ1.2: The following electron micrograph shows part of a palisade mesophyll cell. Which of the...
- 17M.1.SL.TZ1.3: Which organism has DNA located in three organelles? A. A sponge B. A fern C. A...
