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Syllabus

11.1 Antibody production and vaccination

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Additional higher level » Topic 11: Animal physiology » 11.1 Antibody production and vaccination

Description

Nature of science:
Consider ethical implications of research—Jenner tested his vaccine for smallpox on a child. (4.5)

Understandings:

Every organism has unique molecules on the surface of its cells.
Pathogens can be species-specific although others can cross species barriers.
B lymphocytes are activated by T lymphocytes in mammals.
Activated B cells multiply to form clones of plasma cells and memory cells.
Plasma cells secrete antibodies.
Antibodies aid the destruction of pathogens.
White cells release histamine in response to allergens.
Histamines cause allergic symptoms.
Immunity depends upon the persistence of memory cells.
Vaccines contain antigens that trigger immunity but do not cause the disease.
Fusion of a tumour cell with an antibody-producing plasma cell creates a hybridoma cell.
Monoclonal antibodies are produced by hybridoma cells.

Applications and skills:

Application: Smallpox was the first infectious disease of humans to have been eradicated by vaccination.
Application: Monoclonal antibodies to HCG are used in pregnancy test kits.
Application: Antigens on the surface of red blood cells stimulate antibody production in a person with a different blood group.
Skill: Analysis of epidemiological data related to vaccination programmes.

Guidance:

Limit the immune response to mammals.

International-mindedness:

The World Health Organization initiated the campaign for the global eradication of smallpox in 1967. The campaign was deemed a success in 1977, only 10 years later.

Utilization:

Human vaccines are often produced using the immune responses of other animals.

Syllabus and cross-curricular links:
Biology
Topic 6.3 Defence against infectious disease
Topic 11.4 Sexual reproduction
Geography
Part 2F: The geography of food and health

Aims:

Aim 7: Use of databases to analyse epidemiological data.

Directly related questions

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17M.1.HL.TZ1.37: A secondary immune response occurs when an antigen is encountered on a second occasion, due to...
17M.2.HL.TZ2.6c: Explain the production of antibodies.
20N.1.HL.TZ0.37: Hybridoma cells are produced in laboratories for medical diagnostics and treatments. Which two...
17N.1.HL.TZ0.37: What forms the basis of immunity after vaccination?
21M.1.HL.TZ2.37:
The graph shows changes in the concentration of an antibody in the blood of an individual subjected to two separate infections at time X and time Y.

[Source: Illustration from Anatomy & Physiology, Connexions Web site. http://cnx.org/content/col11496/1.6/, Jun 19, 2013 OpenStax College © 1999-2021, Rice University. Except where otherwise noted, textbooks on this site are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).]

What distinguishes the events occurring at Y from those occurring at X?

A. The individual was infected with different pathogens at X and Y.

B. Memory B cells are involved in antibody production at Y but not at X.

C. There is no clonal selection involved.

D. There are no T lymphocytes involved.
21M.2.HL.TZ1.4b:
A hybridoma is a cell produced by the fusion of a plasma cell with a tumour cell. Explain the advantages of using hybridoma cells in the production of monoclonal antibodies.
21M.2.HL.TZ1.4c:
State one use of monoclonal antibodies.
21M.2.HL.TZ1.4a:
Plasma cells secrete antibodies against specific antigens. Outline how plasma cells become activated.
21N.1.HL.TZ1.37:
The diagram shows a method for the production of monoclonal antibodies.

[Source: Adenosine, March 5, 2010. A general representation of the method used to produce monoclonal antibodies. [online]
Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monoclonal_antibody (CC BY-SA 3.0) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/
by-sa/3.0/deed.en [Accessed 27 March 2020]. Adapted.]

What are cells P and Q?
21N.2.HL.TZ0.8b:
Explain the production of antibodies in humans.
22M.2.HL.TZ1.7b:
Describe how monoclonal antibodies are produced.
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18N.1.HL.TZ0.37: When activated B cells multiply, what do they produce? A. Plasma cells B. Antigens C. ...
18M.1.HL.TZ1.22:
Mucus traps pathogenic bacteria. Mucus also attracts viruses that attack pathogenic bacteria.

[Source: EYE OF SCIENCE/SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY]

What part of the immune system do these viruses resemble in their function?

A. Antigens

B. Antibodies

C. Memory cells

D. Antibiotics
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18M.2.HL.TZ2.7a:
Explain the production and role of antibodies in defense against bacterial pathogens in humans.
19M.1.HL.TZ1.37:
The table shows the results of blood type tests on samples from four individuals. Which row represents an individual who can accept transfusions from people with blood type AB?

[Source: © International Baccalaureate Organization 2019]
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Suggest reasons for the high percentage of fatal cases at Ebola treatment centres.
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DP Biology Questionbank

11.1 Antibody production and vaccination

Description

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